Safe and sustainable crop protection in Southeast Asia: Status, challenges and policy options

This study aims to identify challenges as well as entry points for governments in Southeast Asia and elsewhere to reduce the risk from agricultural pesticides by comparing levels of pesticide use, pesticide regulation, and farm-level practices in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. We identified three main challenges to pesticide risk reduction: (a) the rapid expansion of pesticide trade-in terms of total volume, number of products and number of selling points, combined with a weak regulatory and enforcement capacity; (b) a high level of satisfaction among farmers with pesticides combined with low levels of risk awareness, lack of technical know-how about integrated pest management (IPM), and general unavailability of biocontrol agents; and (c) no regular monitoring of pesticide risk, which makes it difficult for legislators, regulators, farmers and consumers to make rational decisions. The study highlights several examples countries can emulate, including the introduction of a pesticide tax in Vietnam, the pesticide registration system in Thailand, regular training of pesticide retailers in Thailand and Vietnam, and product certification.

Title:

Safe and sustainable crop protection in Southeast Asia: Status, challenges and policy options
Authors: Schreinemachers, Pepijn
Sefa, Victor Afari
Heng, Chhun Hy
Pham, Thi My Dung
Praneetvataku, Suwanna
Srinivasan, Ramasamy
Keywords: agricultural worker
Pesticide policy
Integrated pest management
Developing countries
Issue Date: 2015
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Citation: Scopus
Abstract: This study aims to identify challenges as well as entry points for governments in Southeast Asia and elsewhere to reduce the risk from agricultural pesticides by comparing levels of pesticide use, pesticide regulation, and farm-level practices in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. We identified three main challenges to pesticide risk reduction: (a) the rapid expansion of pesticide trade-in terms of total volume, number of products and number of selling points, combined with a weak regulatory and enforcement capacity; (b) a high level of satisfaction among farmers with pesticides combined with low levels of risk awareness, lack of technical know-how about integrated pest management (IPM), and general unavailability of biocontrol agents; and (c) no regular monitoring of pesticide risk, which makes it difficult for legislators, regulators, farmers and consumers to make rational decisions. The study highlights several examples countries can emulate, including the introduction of a pesticide tax in Vietnam, the pesticide registration system in Thailand, regular training of pesticide retailers in Thailand and Vietnam, and product certification.
Description: Environmental Science and Policy, Volume 54, December 01, 2015, Pages 357-366
URI: http://repository.vnu.edu.vn/handle/VNU_123/30351
ISSN: 14629011
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Nhu cầu đối với hoạt động công tác xã hội trong việc nâng cao kiến thức chăm sóc sức khỏe sinh sản vị thành niên ở nông thôn (Nghiên cứu trường hợp xã Lam Điền, huyện Chương Mỹ, thành phố Hà Nội)

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Measurement of the isospin asymmetry in B → K (*)μ +μ - decays

The isospin asymmetries of B → K (*)μ +μ - decays and the partial branching fractions of B 0 → K 0μ +μ - and B +→ K *+μ +μ - are measured as a function of the di-muon mass squared q 2 using an integrated luminosity of 1.0fb -1 collected with the LHCb detector. The B → Kμ +μ - isospin asymmetry integrated over q 2 is negative, deviating from zero with over 4 σ significance. The B → K *μ +μ - decay measurements are consistent with the Standard Model prediction of negligible isospin asymmetry. The observation of the decay B 0 → K s 0μ +μ - is reported with 5.7 σ significance. Assuming that the branching fraction of B 0 → K 0μ +μ - is twice that of B 0 → K s 0μ +μ -, the branching fractions of B 0 → K 0μ +μ - and B → K *+μ +μ - are found to be (0.31 +0.07 -0.06) × 10 -6 and (1.16 ±0.19) × 10 -6, respectively. Title:  Measurement of the isospin asymmetry in B → K (*)μ +μ - decays Authors:  Aaij, Roel Abellán Beteta, C. Adametz, Aleksandra Keywords:  Hadron ...
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Biomass estimation of Sonneratia caseolaris (l.) Engler at a coastal area of Hai Phong city (Vietnam) using ALOS-2 PALSAR imagery and GIS-based multi-layer perceptron neural networks

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This study tested the use of machine learning techniques for the estimation of above-ground biomass (AGB) of Sonneratia caseolaris in a coastal area of Hai Phong city, Vietnam. We employed a GIS database and multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN) to build and verify an AGB model, drawing upon data from a survey of 1508 mangrove trees in 18 sampling plots and ALOS-2 PALSAR imagery. We assessed the model’s performance using root-mean-square error, mean absolute error, coefficient of determination (R2), and leave-one-out cross-validation. We also compared the model’s usability with four machine learning techniques: support vector regression, radial basis function neural networks, Gaussian process, and random forest. The MLPNN model performed well and outperformed the machine learning techniques. The MLPNN model-estimated AGB ranged between 2.78 and 298.95 Mg ha−1 (average = 55.8 Mg ha−1); below-ground biomass ranged between 4.06 and 436.47 Mg ha−1 (average = 81.47 M...
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